UYGUR DEVLETİ –UYGURLAR
Yerleşik Yaşama Geçen İlk Türk Devletidir.
Uygurların kurucusu; Kutluk Bilge Kül Kağan’dır.
Uygurların Başkenti ; Karabalgasun’dur.
Yerleşik yaşamı benimseyen ilk Türk topluluğudur. (Tarım ile uğraştıkları için )
Uygur kağanı Bögü Tarkan 762 yılında Maniheizm dinini benimseyince Uygurlar arasında Mani dini yayıldı.
Mani dini et yemeyi (hayvani gıdaları) ve savaşmayı yasaklıyordu. Bu sebeple Uygurlar savaşçılık özelliklerini kaybettiler. Savaşçı özellikleri zayıflayan Uygurlar iç çekişmeler sonucunda Kırgızlar tarafından 840 yılında yıkılmışlardır.
Uygurlar tarım, sanat, ticaret alanında çok ilerlemişlerdir.
Uygur Alfabesi ;18 harfli Uygur Alfabesini hazırladılar.
Uygurlar tahta harflerden matbaa oluşturdular, pamuktan kağıt yaptılar.
Uygur Destanları; Türeyiş ve Göç Destanları Uygurlara aittir.
Uygur Yazıtları; Şine Usu, Karabalasagun yazıtları Uygurlara aittir.
Uygurların Yerleşik Yaşama Geçmelerinin Nedenleri;
Uygurların yerleşik yaşama geçmelerinde etkili olan faktörler;
- Tarım ve ticaretle uğraşmaları
- Mani dinini benimsemeleri, mani dini et yemeyi ve savaşmayı yasakladığı için Uygurlar tarım ve ticaretle geçinmek zorunda kalmışlardır.
Uygurlar yerleşik hayata geçince şehirler kurmuş, şehirlerin etrafını surlarla çevirmişlerdir. Saray ve tapınaklar inşa etmişlerdir. Böylece sanat ve mimaride ilerlemişlerdir. Minyatür sanatı gelişmiştir.
Uygarlık kelimesinin kökeni Uygurlara dayanmaktadır.
Uyarı: Uygurlar günümüzde Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin yönetimi altında olan Doğu Türkistan Uygur Cumhuriyeti’nde yaşamaktadırlar.
Uygurların Özellikleri
- Yerleşik hayata geçen ilk Türk devletidir.
- Daha önceki Türk devletlerinden farklı olarak Mani (Işık) dinini benimsemişlerdir. Bu sebeple savaşçı özelliklerini kaybetmişlerdir.
- Tarım ve ticaretle uğraşmışlar.
- Birçok şehir kurmuş ve şehirlerin etrafını surlarla çevirmişlerdir. Bu şehirlerde saray, tapınak ve ev gibi kalıcı eserler bırakmışlardır.
- İlk kez kağıt ve matbaayı kullanan Türk devletidir.
- Kendilerine özgü 18 harflik bir alfabe kullanan Uygurlardan günümüze Şine Usu ve Karabalasagun yazıtları kalmıştır.
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